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The purpose of the study is the analysis of numismatic sources by relating monetary discoveries to the historic phenomena and processes in the 6th-10th centuries, which took place in both Byzantium and the Carpathian-Dniester regions. The study objectives are to update the repertoire of individual numismatic discoveries and monetary hoards; to file numismatic discoveries; to establish concentration zones and insight processes; to determine the evolution and fluctuation of Byzantine coins according to their issuers, value rate, production shops and to delimit certain chronological stages of minimal and maximum intensity. The research sources are the Byzantine coins from the 6th-10th centuries attested in the Carpathian-Dniester regions. As a rule, the coins represent accidental discoveries either detached or grouped in hoards. In this study a sample of 582 Byzantine coins produced from the reigns of Anastasias I (491-518) to Basil II (976-1025) is catalogued, among which the place of discovery and issue are known for 189 coins, 20 coins are of unknown issue, 48 coins are of unknown place of discovery and 325 coins are from hoards. The coins from the reign of Basil II are included only to observe the situation from the late 10th century – early 11th century. The research period. Chronologically, the study embraces the second half of the 1st millennium, a period that can be divided in two distinct phases, on the basis of which our sample is constructed: the 6th-7th and the 8th-10th centuries. The work includes Byzantine coins starting with the monetary reform of Anastasias I (491-518) and extending until the reign of Basil II (976-1025). In this period of time, 39 emperors from five dynasties (Justinian, Heraclian, Isaurian, Amorian and Macedonian) sat on the Byzantine throne. Their reigns lasted from several months to several decades.

History --- Economic history --- Middle Ages --- Dumbarton Oaks --- Carpathian Mountains Region --- Dniester River Region (Ukraine and Moldova) --- Antiquities, Byzantine. --- Antiquities, Byzantine.

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Recessions --- Business cycles --- Financial crises --- Banks and banking, Central --- Monetary policy --- 460 Economie --- AA / International- internationaal --- 333.17 --- Crises, saneringen en hervormingen van het bankwezen. --- Economic history --- Crashes, Financial --- Crises, Financial --- Financial crashes --- Financial panics --- Panics (Finance) --- Stock exchange crashes --- Stock market panics --- Crises --- Crises, saneringen en hervormingen van het bankwezen --- 340 --- crise financière --- histoire économique --- economie --- économie

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Beginning with the end of the twelfth century, the most important cathedral and collegiate chapters had undertaken the task of compiling charters and diplomas concerning private legal transactions. During the middle ages the collegiate chapter from Arad was an important “place of authentication” in the southern part of the Hungarian kingdom. This institution was destroyed by the Turkish army in 1552.The archives of the chapter, which preserved the copies of diplomas issued usually in the form of volumes (protocolla), had been transported to Transylvania between 1556 and 1563 and were lodged in the archives of the cathedral chapter in Gyulafehérvár (Alba Iulia). Here, it was the task of the requisitors (“letter searchers”) of the secularized chapter to guard the remained registres from Arad. János Laskay, a humanist requisitor from Gyulafehérvár, wrote a preface to one of these volumes in 1580. This text and a few fragments from the register are the only remains of these archives. The volume begins with an introductory study about the life and activity of János Laskay and the charter-issuing activity of the place of authentication from Arad. The introduction is followed by the transcribed latin preface written by Laskay, which focuses on the role of the places of authentication as archives. The volume continues with the Hungarian abstracts (regesta) of the charters preserved in the medieval register and a list of the canons from this period. The Hungarian regesta contains among the juridical transaction all the important historical data, all the names (denomination of places and persons) and other details which could be useful for farther historical research.The index includes every personal name and all the toponyms, but it is also a register of subjects.

Diplomatics --- Church archives --- Catholic Church --- History --- Sources --- Arad (Romania) --- Charters, grants, privileges. --- Church history --- Congregational archives --- Archives --- Church records and registers --- Documents --- Auxiliary sciences of history --- Cartularies --- Historiography --- Manuscripts --- Paleography --- Church of Rome --- Roman Catholic Church --- Katholische Kirche --- Katolyt︠s︡ʹka t︠s︡erkva --- Römisch-Katholische Kirche --- Römische Kirche --- Ecclesia Catholica --- Eglise catholique --- Eglise catholique-romaine --- Katolicheskai︠a︡ t︠s︡erkovʹ --- Chiesa cattolica --- Iglesia Católica --- Kościół Katolicki --- Katolicki Kościół --- Kościół Rzymskokatolicki --- Nihon Katorikku Kyōkai --- Katholikē Ekklēsia --- Gereja Katolik --- Kenesiyah ha-Ḳatolit --- Kanisa Katoliki --- כנסיה הקתולית --- כנסייה הקתולית --- 가톨릭교 --- 천주교 --- Arad, Romania --- Economic history --- Local History / Microhistory --- Social history --- Middle Ages